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| Paul Sempe with UG |
By Paul Sempé
[Editor's Note: Paul Sempé was a dear friend of mine as well of UG.
He was a retired tugboat captain in Marsailles and was for sometime
ardent follower of Gandhian way of thought. He used to attend
J. Krishnamurti's talks in Saanen, Switzerland for a number of years
before he met U.G. He had a keen interest in Philosophy as well as in
the Sciences.
He was a retired tugboat captain in Marsailles and was for sometime
ardent follower of Gandhian way of thought. He used to attend
J. Krishnamurti's talks in Saanen, Switzerland for a number of years
before he met U.G. He had a keen interest in Philosophy as well as in
the Sciences.
Every summer, he came all the way from Marseilles to Gstaad to spend time with him and drive him and his friends around. I first met him in 1986 at the Berne railway station where he and UG came to receive me and my daughter, Shyamala. That year and on several other occasions I had many interesting discussions with him and we became close friends.
The last I saw him was a little before the year 2000. Soon after that, he met with an accident in the Bergerie near Marseilles where he used live like a hermit in rather primitive conditions. He was found dead washed away by a flowing river. His big smile, friendly manner and intelligent philosophical discussions are memorable.
He sent this article to me some time before he passed away and it has been shelved until recently when I discovered it while I was going through my papers. I thought it would be of interest not only to those who knew him, but also to UG readers in general.
The article can be read and downloaded at: http://www.ugkrishnamurti.net/
Moorty
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THE CASE OF U.G.
OR
EVOLUTION REVISITED
During two weeks of the summer l988, I have had many discussions with U.G.
I was at that time interested in some aspects of the evolution of man. Although what U.G. says has to do with the mechanism of thought, self-consciousness, space, time and logic, he insists on the fact that what happened to him is only
physiological and not psychological. Since "physiological", in that case, has obviously nothing to do with exercises such as yoga, it seemed to me it could be linked to what I was studying about evolution.
Here is the outline of my reasoning:
The initial events that open the way to evolution are microscopic and fortuitous. But once inscribed in the DNA, the accident is faithfully replicated and the organisms built according to this new plan are subject to the laws of natural selection (see J. MONOD : "Le hasard et la nécessité"). There may have been a day where some Australopithecus used for the first time an articulated symbol to represent a concept. It is easy to see the fantastic superiority this capacity gave
to this hominid and his descendants: better communication, accumulation of knowledge, etc....Such might have been the beginning of thought : an utilitarian feat. The same could be said of self-consciousness born out of thought.
From self-consciousness as a center, the outer world is seen through the coordinates of space and time. Konrad LORENZ shows how space and time, as well as the laws of "pure reason," depend on structures of the central nervous system that developed just as any other organ, according to the laws of the natural selection, during the millenniums of evolution. (see K.LORENZ: "La doctrine Kantienne de l'"a priori" a la lumière de la biologie contemporaine", in "L'homme dans le fleuve du vivant"). In the same way, Professor LWOFF says that the rules
of logic -- as well as the words -- are inscribed within our neurons.
We are considering here thought, self-consciousness space, time and logic (in that sequence) as produced by evolution. Many people in our culture think that they have a divine origin (as did KANT). They certainly have a right to do so. What I want to show here is that looking at things from the evolutionary point of view gives a new approach to what may have happened to U.G.
If the mechanism thought, self-consciousness, space time and logic has been built through evolution, and is inscribed in the DNA and the central nervous system, there may be a line of human beings coming from the first ages, in which the inscription is unstable and may disintegrate partly or totally.
What could then remain is what U.G. calls the "natural state" where the body lives its own life in accordance with the laws of nature. There are many reasons why these beings are small in number: they are less competitive; their reproduction
is limited, since sex disappears (says U.G.) in that state; they can probably survive only in countries where the religious dogmas are not too rigid, what may be the case of India.
Now, let us consider again the sequence: thought self-consciousness, space, time and logic. If we look within ourselves we see the sequence in the reverse orderr. We see it rather in the same way as the Bible does: first there was space (the earth), then time (day and night), man and finally thought (the names man gives to things). We feel at ease in that biblical and Newtonian world: a three-dimensional space (corresponding to the three semi-circular canals we have in
the ears), a clock hanging somewhere (preferably in Greenwich), " and a book of history to which we can refer to measure time, and human beings strolling about inside of that receptacle thinking things preferably in a logical way. And since logic has become a necessity, we put God on top of the whole thing as the Creator and the President of the circus that develops inside the receptacle.
Now, let us take again each item in the classical sequence.
Space
What is space for U.G? If you ask him how, he sees an object moving in the surroundings, he will probably tell you that the object is moving inside of him. What does he mean? When we, "normal" people, see the object, the perception
[splits in two: one part is "I" who observes, and the other is the image of the object that we project in the three dimensional space and, so, appears to be at a distance. ("distance" here, has nothing to do with the "distance" between the imaginary
and the supposed "real" object in the old philosophical problem that has no solution).
In U.G., it seems that there is no split, no projection and no distance. So the object is in him so to speak, and he has no knowledge about it, unless the necessity commands it, as he says, in which case memory dictates mechanically the necessary reactions. That seemed obvious to me, one day, while I was looking at him looking at a photo of himself. I thought he had a strange look. "Well I told myself; after all, it is the only moment where he "is" U.G.".
Time
Besides the clock, we measure the flow of time on a scale admitted by all human beings: that is the history of humanity. It is probably the projection on that
collective scale of what happens inside of us that gives us the feeling that the flow of time is regular. In fact, the flow is not regular if we loose the mental ' contact with the scale; its velocity changes with age, boredom etc. Very important distortions appear in dreams, particular states of consciousness and probably the moment when we die.
That reminds me of a conversation with U.G. He was ending some rather obscure (to me) demonstration with the strong statement: " "So, death doesn't exist." Then I woke up and asked: "Please U.G., can you say that again, U.G.?" "Yes the body cannot die, it only changes form; as for the entity that you suppose is thinking cannot die either, since there has never been life in it."
I said hopefully: "So death doesn't exist!" U.G. replied: "Death doesn't exist for me; but that is not so for you, Paul." That is "not for you, Paul" reminded me, later, of something I read, long ago, in the "Tibetan Book of the dead where what was lived as an eternity filled with horrors by the dying man was lived as a short time by the assistant in a "normal "state. And the assistant kept saying something like: "Don't bother, old chap, all that is nothing but an illusion." From that point of view, eternity, hell and paradise do exist and also the last judgment with the worst of all judges: yourself; until the mechanism disintegrates. Because, after all, we also shall have our disintegration. Only it won't be partial.
Self-consciousness
Self-consciousness reminds of Descartes.He is my most favorite philosopher. I see him with his beard and moustache, his wig, lace around the neck, lace around the wrists,sitting at his table ( Louis XIII style), the quill pen up. He is asking himself: "Is there anybody sitting here?" And the answer: "Since there is that thought, then there is somebody who thinks --'Cogito ergo sum.'" That is so much better than "I thinkm therefore I am." That is real tabula rasa. And then, having made sure that
he exists. he proceeds with his philosophy.
So it was a real shock to me when U.G. told me one day: "Descartes made a profound statement, but it was all wrong". I can still see the place where I got the shock. "What??!! What do you mean U.G.?" U.G. replied: "The fact that there is a thought does not mean that there is a thinker who exists before the thought. It works the other way around: the thinker is produced by the thought, and, since it wants to survive, it fills the gap between two thoughts with another thought and the whole mechanism gives you the illusion that there is a continuous entity thinking thoughts and you call that "I".
I went back home very upset, feeling myself as a deduction more hypothetical than ever. As soon as possible I went through the books written by Descartes to see if I could find a trace of such an unusual interpretation. I did not. Well, I told myself that such a thing cannot possibly have escaped him; but he didn't say it because they would have burnt him in these days.Poor chap. Besides, for all practical purposes, his formula is as good as ever. You can, and even you must, extend it: "I command, therefore I am". "I fight, therefore I am". "I grumble, therefore I am". "I pester, therefore I am", There is no limit. Descartes is everywhere.
Thought
I should say that thought is U.G.'s specialty. In the West, we have been heavily conditioned by Greek philosophy, and specially Plato. In Plato, and particularly in
the "Phedo", you learn to believe in thought and you read, page after page, how thought and reasoning are the sure path to Truth and Reality while you have to beware of the body and its sensations. Furthermore, that view of things has been enhanced by Christianity.
So, if you are a normal representative of the West, you can expect problems with U.G. Now, let us look at the East. At about the same time when Socrates, through Plato, was upholding thought, the Buddha was claiming exactly the contrary, saying that thought was the origin of all sufferings. Did it make any difference, as far as misery and sufferings are concerned? Certainly not.
Now, what is the approach of U.G. on that subject?
It seems rather similar to what you get if you consider thought as a product of evolution. From that point of view, thought is utilitarian and it does not change its nature when it is extended to the so called spiritual or moral fields. On the contrary, in these fields, thought remains interested and adds hypocrisy. Such thoughts as goodness, generosity or whatever have no content at all. It is not cynicism, it is mechanics.
The fact remains that in order to live in society we have to make the difference between a "good" thought and a "bad" thought. From this point of view, each thought refers to a cultural system. It is like in Relativity. In Relativity, each
observer uses his own measure of space and time, and to pass from one set of measures to another, you have to use the transformations of Lorentz, since classical mechanics are not valid any more.
No more Newtonian receptacle. With thoughts, to pass from one system to another, we use the transformation called brainwashing. No more absolute morals. That is why Descartes invented "provisional morals". Here I may be bit too much in favor of Descartes. That type of morality has had many inventors.
Logic
You'll never score points off U.G. by using logic. Not because he is a good logician. He is anyway. But, besides that, he might say one thing now and something appears to be contrary a moment later. After all, life has been flowing between the two moments and circumstances are not the same.
The fact is that you cannot depend totally on logic.
Sometimes it works and sometimes it doesn't. All philosophers have noticed that,
and ever since Aristotle each one of them has written his own laws and notes on the use of logic. It is not a story of success.
Even before I met U.G., my Descartes never convinced me that I was a solid entity because of my thinking. And I am not going to lose my sleep because I need to know what comes first, the egg or the hen, the thinker or the thought; the answer will be no good anyway.
It may be with logic as it was with thought: it was born to work in a very simple material way, in a very limited field, to help our far gone ancestors to survive; the extension of that capacity to unlimited fields may not be valid.
In spite of that, it seems that pretending to renounce thought and logic is the silliest thing man can do. He has no other instrument. He could perhaps have a better look on his long evolution to understand what has happened. In that perspective, men like U.G. may be living witnesses who should be considered seriously.
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By Paul Sempé
(Sincere thanks and gratitude to Dr. Moorty for sharing the article.)
